• Increasing demand for steel with a low climate impact
• Increasing cost of carbon emissions but also higher costs for decarbonization
• Development of more resource- and carbon efficient products and processes
• Climate change can affect production and supply chains
• Digital services provide greater availability of more efficient control systems and increased transparency in the value chain
• E-commerce and digital platforms impact market dynamics
• Higher importance of regional markets because of growing protectionism and trade policy restrictions
• Reinforced trend of increased regionalization, among other things attributable to Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the Covid pandemic
• Increasing demand for steel in emerging economies
• Increasing demand for steel in the construction, infrastructure and energy sectors
• Increasing demand for sustainable and energy-efficient buildings and traffic solutions
• Demand for applications with higher productivity and lower weight
• Increasingly regional supply chains
• Continued interest in steel with low CO2 emissions
• Increasing interest in steel produced with recycled scrap steel
• High volatility in demand and prices for standard products
• Global capacity utilization at a relatively good level
• Uncertain economic development
• Continued volatile steel prices
• Various transformation projects in Europe, also start-ups
• Increasing capacity in the USA
• Increasing capacity for scrap-based steel production
• Increasing exports of steel from Asia
• Continued various protectionist measures
• EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is expected to impact the European steel industry